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After the rapid development of life sciences in the 20th century, our understanding of diseases, the essence of genetic life, and other aspects has made significant progress. However, there is still a field where there are too many unsolved mysteries that plague us, and that is neuroscience. We still do not understand how consciousness is generated? How does the brain process cognition? What is the specific mechanism of memory generation? Of course, this also includes the pathogenesis of neurological related diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, and so on. Solving these problems is of great significance to the development of the entire human race, and scientists are constantly exploring in order to obtain the truth.

Recently, an article titled "Bone marrow stromal cell-derived exosomes promote muscle healing after contusion through macrophage polarization" was published in the journal "Stem Cells and Development". In this study, gradient centrifugation was used to isolate and purify extracellular vesicles from the supernatant of BMSCs. Nanoparticle tracking analysis, transmission electron microscopy, and Western blotting were used to identify extracellular vesicles.

Xiangbang Cordyceps is mainly produced in Shanxi Province, mainly distributed in the Zhongtiao Mountain area in southern Shanxi. It is commonly used by the people as a supplement instead of Cordyceps sinensis. In addition to Shanxi, Cordyceps sinensis is also distributed in Gansu, Yunnan, Qinghai, Guangdong, Hainan in China, as well as Sri Lanka and Europe abroad. Although fragrant cordyceps is commonly used as a substitute for cordyceps in Shanxi, it has not been included in the medicinal standards and has a relatively short history of medicinal use.

The sudden outbreak of COVID-19 still has a profound impact on our lives today. The prevention of COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 has become a part of our daily life. Researchers continue to explore the treatment, protection, immunity and other aspects of COVID-19, helping us understand the virus and overcome the epidemic. Recently, a report from the Jewish Health Center in the United States helped us to better understand the pathogenesis of COVID-19. This document was published in Nature communications, revealing the possible mechanism that affects the infectivity of SARS CoV-2 and the clinical results of COVID-19.

PM2.5 refers to air pollution particles with a diameter of 2.5 microns or less. In 2015, exposure to PM2.5 in the environment caused 4.2 million deaths and 103.1 million disabilities worldwide. After PM2.5 is inhaled into the human body, it first encounters the mucociliary barrier formed by highly specialized secretory cells and ciliated cells of the respiratory epithelium. In previous related studies, it has been confirmed that PM2.5 is related to poor respiratory system, but the biological mechanism of PM2.5-induced lung pathology is still poorly understood. Experts speculate that PM2.5 may involve cellular and molecular changes in the respiratory epithelium. A research report by American researchers shows that PM2.5 stimulation can directly cause respiratory epithelial cells to produce corresponding transcriptional responses.

Epithelial ovarian cancer has the highest mortality rate among all gynecological malignancies. Metastasis is the main reason for the poor prognosis of patients with ovarian cancer. Epigenetic and post-translational protein modifications play an important role in tumor metastasis. As a member of class IIa histone deacetylase, histone deacetylase 9 (HDAC9) participates in many biological processes by deacetyling histones and non-histone proteins.

Tuberculosis (TB) remains the leading cause of death from a single infectious agent. In 2017, more than 550,000 new cases of multidrug/rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis (MDR/RR-TB) were estimated to have emerged, highlighting the need for new treatment strategies. Linezolid (LZD) is an effective antibiotic for the treatment of drug-resistant Gram-positive infections and an effective treatment for tuberculosis. However, long-term use of LZDs can lead to LZD-associated host toxicity, most commonly myelosuppression. LZD toxicity may be mediated by IL-1, an important inflammatory pathway in early immunity during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. However, IL-1 can contribute to pathology and disease severity later in the progression of tuberculosis.

Environmental cadmium is a serious health risk due to its high dietary intake, long biological half-life, and damage to physiological functions directly or through the intestinal microbiota. However, the toxic mechanisms of environmental cadmium on microorganisms and host systems are still unclear. 

Acquired drug resistance may occur during targeted therapy for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Although many drivers of acquired drug resistance have been discovered, the underlying molecular mechanisms that lead to tumor evolution during treatment are not fully understood, and the extent to which treatment actively promotes tumor development by promoting mutational processes is still unclear.